4. 6. 8. 10.PART III

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

PART III: READING

Read the passage carefully and then choose the best answer to each question.Write your answers in the space provided.While manynineteenth–century reformers hopedto bring about reform through education or by eliminatingspecific social evils, some thinkerswantedto start over and remark societyby founding ideal, cooperativecommunities. TheUnited States seemed to them a spacious andunencumbered countrywhere models ofaperfectsociety could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation,untilcommunities free of crime,poverty, and other socialillswould cover the land.A number of religiousgroups, notablytheShakers,practiced communalliving, but the mainimpetusto found model communities came from nonreligious,rationalistic thinkers.Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were RobertOwen, Charles Fourier,and JohnHumphreyNoyes. Owen, famous forhis humanitarianpolicies as owner of several thriving textile mills inScotland,believed that faulty environmentwastoblame for human problems and that theseproblems could beeliminated ina rationally planned society. In1825, heput hisprinciples intopractice atNewHarmony, Indiana. Thecommunity failed economically aftera few years but not before achievinga number of social successes. Fourier,acommercial employeein France, nevervisited the United States.However, his theories of cooperativelivinginfluenced many American through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explainedFourierismand its self-sufficient associations or“phalanxes”.One or more of these phalanxes was organized inveryNorthern state. The most famouswere Red Bank,New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts. An earlymember of the latterwas the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.Noyes founded the most enduring andprobably theoddestof theutopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstateNewYork.Needless to say, none of these experimentshad any lasting effects on thepatterns ofAmerican society.