JOHN WAS SHOCKED THAT ED WAS IN JAIL. ED WAS SHOCKED THAT HE HAD BE...

6. John was shocked that Ed was in jail. Ed was shocked that he had been arrested. Edwas relieved that he didn’t have to stay in jail long.

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EXERCISE 19, p. 417. THAT - clauses. (Charts 14 - 5 and 14 - 6)This exercise can be accomplished quickly, with students calling out responses. Its purposeis to survey common phrases that introduce that-clauses.

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EXERCISE 20, p. 418. THAT - clauses. (Charts 14 - 5 and 14 - 6)The opportunity for discussion is more important than the grammar. The exercisedirections encourage noun clause usage, but if lively conversation begins, emphasis on thetarget structures can easily, and indeed should, be dropped.You might ask students what topics they would like to discuss and use those instead ofthe ones in the text. Some classes like to discuss local issues like pesticide use on schoolgrounds, or social issues like suicide, homelessness, or care of the mentally ill. Explore whatyour class is interested in talking about.SAMPLE ANSWERS: 1. I am convinced that cigarette smoking is harmful to your health.I have concluded that smoking a pipe is just as bad as smoking cigarettes. I hope that cigarsmokers heed the warnings about smoking in general. I think that fewer people will smokein the future. 2.– 6. (free response)CHART 14-7: SUBSTITUTING SOFOR A THAT-CLAUSE INCONVERSATIONAL RESPONSES• This structure allows speakers to answer yes/no questions without committing themselves to adefinite, black-and-white, yes-or-no answer. It allows for “gray areas” in speakers’ knowledge.• Focus the students’ attention on the meaning of soin expressions such as I think so. In thisstructure,sofunctions as a substitute for a noun clause introduced by that.• The word sohas various uses. A dictionary will label it an adverb, adjective, pronoun,conjunction, and interjection. To the second language learner,sois probably one of the mostconfusing and unpredictable words in English. You could explain to your students that Englishhas more than one so,each with a different function and meaning.

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EXERCISE 21, p. 419. Substituting SO for a THAT - clause. (Chart 14 - 7)ANSWERS: 2. I don’t believe that we are going to have 3. I hope that Margo will be