FROM 10. TO 1 ON 20. TOCHART A2-2
Index
B
A
Conjunctions (and, but, or, so),
105–106
Continuous verbs (
SEE
Progressive verbs)
A/an,
144–145, 150
Be:
A
vs.
an,
144
in questions, 12
Contractions of verbs:
Accustomed to,
140
simple past (was, were),
15
with not:
simple present (am, is, are),
4
hasn’t, haven’t,
42
Active verbs, 131
isn’t, aren’t,
4
Adjective clauses (a man who lives),
154–164
Be about to,
38
Be
adjective, 73, 137
mustn’t,
96
Adjectives (good, beautiful),
defined, 73, 79
shouldn’t,
94
followed by that-clause (am sorry that),
following be,
79, 137
wasn’t, weren’t,
15
comparative (more/-er)
and superlative
186
Because,
109
won’t,
31
(most/-est),
117–118
Before,
25, 34
with nouns:
with much, a lot, far,
121
following get (get hungry),
140
Be going to,
29
have, has,
44
will,
31
nouns used as (a flower garden),
80
vs.
will,
33
participial (interesting, interested),
139
Be
-ing
(is/was eating),
4, 22
with pronouns:
Be
past participle (be interested in),
131,
am, is, are,
4
possessive (my, our),
84
had,
53, 95
Adverb clauses, 109
137 (
SEE ALSO
Passive)
with because,
109
have, has,
42, 44
followed by noun clauses (be worried
with even though/although,
111
that),
186
would,
100
if-clauses, 34
Be supposed to,
142
since-clauses, 47
Better:
with question words, 61
time clauses (before he came),
25, 34, 47
and best,
118
who’s
vs.
whose,
64, 162
had better,
89, 95
Adverbs (quickly):
use of, 61
like . . . better,
100
Could,
90
Be used to/accustomed to,
140
past ability, 90
(most/-est),
117–118, 120, 124
But,
105–106
frequency (always, sometimes),
7
in polite questions, 93–94
midsentence (still, already),
50
possibility, present/future, 91
By:
negative,
(seldom, never),
7
followed by -ing (by doing),
172
Count/noncount nouns, 143–153
A few/a little,
147
noncount nouns, 145–146, 148
with passive (by-phrase), 131, 134
with reflexive pronoun (by myself),
84
After,
25, 34
D
A little/a few,
147
vs.
with,
172
Dependent clause, 155 (
SEE ALSO
Adjective
A little
(bit),
121
clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun
C
A lot,
much,
far,
121
clauses)
Can,
90
A lot
(of),
147
Different from,
127
ability, 90
Alike,
127
Direct speech (
SEE
Quoted speech)
Almost,
116
permission, 91
Distance (to . . . from, how far),
66
polite question, 93, 94
Already,
44, 50
Do
as main verb in what-questions, 63
Although,
111
Capitalization, 152
Does,
do,
did:
Clauses, defined, 25 (
SEE ALSO
Adjective
Always,
etc. (frequency adverbs), 7
in negative (I don’t . . . . ),
4, 15
Am,
is,
are
-ing
(am eating),
4
clauses; Adverb clauses;
If-clauses;
with have to,
96
Noun clauses; Time clauses)
And,
104–105
in questions (Did you . . . ?),
4, 15, 57–58
auxiliary verbs following, 107
Commas:
with what,
63
with parallel verbs, 38
with adverb clauses, 25, 109
in short answers (Yes, I do),
12, 15, 57
in connecting ideas:
with
so, too, either, neither,
108
Double comparatives (the sooner, the better),
with and,
104
with subject–verb agreement, 79
124
Another,
85–86
with
but
and
or,
105
vs. periods, 104
Anymore,
50
E
-Ed
(asked, played),
15, 19
Apostrophe (Tom’s),
83
in quoted speech, 188
Articles (the, a, an),
150
past participle, 19, 42
in a series, 105
Comparatives
(more/-er),
117–118, 120
as adjective (a confused person),
139
As . . . as
comparisons, 116
pronunciation, 17
not as . . . as
vs.
less,
122
with adjectives and adverbs, 118
Ask if,
191
spelling, 18
double (the more . . . the more),
124
with modifiers, 121
Either,
108
As soon as,
25, 34
with nouns, 123
Enough,
177
At,
as preposition of time, 78
repeated (more and more),
123
-Er/more
and -est/most,
117–118, 120
Auxiliary verbs:
Comparisons, 114–129
Even though,
111
after and
and
but,
38, 107–108
Ever,
7
modal, 89
as . . . as,
116
in questions, 58
Every,
79
comparatives (more/-er),
117–118, 124
same, similar, different, like, alike,
127
Expressions of quantity (some, many),
147,
in short answers to yes/no questions, 57
in tag questions, 71
superlatives (most/-est),
117–118, 124
150
F
Nouns, defined, 73
spelling, 18–19
Far,
much,
a lot,
121
In order to,
176
used as adjectives (a flower garden),
80
count/noncount (chairs/furniture),
Interested
vs.
interesting,
139
143–153
For
(purpose) (I went home for lunch),
176
Intransitive and transitive verbs, 133
plural forms, 8, 75, 79
For
and since
(time) (I stayed for two days),
Irregular noun plurals (tomatoes, fish),
75, 83
43–44, 47–48
possessive (Tom’s),
83
Irregular verbs (eat, ate, eaten),
20
For
(someone)
to do (something),
with it
(It
as subjects and objects, 77
It,
to express distance (It is two miles . . .),
66
is important for you to study),
174
It
infinitive (It is easy to do),
173–174
O
It
take
(length of time), 66
Frequency:
Object pronouns, personal (him, them),
82
Its
vs.
it’s,
84
adverbs (always, sometimes),
7
in adjective clauses (whom I met),
expressions (a lot, every day),
66
156–157
J
questions about, with how often,
66
Objects:
Just
(as . . . as),
116
From . . . to,
to express distance, 66
of a preposition (on the desk),
77
L
Future time, 28–40
of a verb (is reading a book),
75
The least,
124
be going to
and will,
29, 31, 33
On,
as preposition of time (on Monday),
78
Less . . . than,
122
in
if-clauses, 34
One of
plural noun, 124
Let’s,
99
immediate (be about to),
38
Or,
105
Like,
alike,
127
using present verbs to express (It begins
Other,
85–86
Like . . . better,
100
tomorrow),
36–37
Ought to,
88, 94
in time clauses (Before he comes, we
P
A little bit,
121
will . . . .),
34
Parallel structure with
and, but, or,
104–105
Logical conclusion, 97
G
with verbs (walks and talks, is walking and
M
Gerunds (riding, working),
166
talking),
38
Main clause, 25, 109, 155
following prepositions, 171
Particles, in phrasal verbs (put away),
194
Many/much,
147
as subjects (Riding horses is fun),
173
Participial adjectives (interested
vs.
May,
89, 91
verbs followed by (enjoy working),
166,
interesting),
139
permission, 91, 93
168
Partitives (
SEE
Units of measure)
polite question, 93
Get
adjective/past participle (get hungry,
Passive (It was mailed by Bob),
131
possibility, 32, 91
get tired),
140
by-phrase, use of, 131, 134
Maybe,
32, 94
Get used to/accustomed to,
140
modal auxiliaries (should be mailed),
136
vs.
may be,
91
Go
-ing
(go shopping),
167
stative (is married),
137
Measure, units of (a cup of, a piece of),
149
summary of forms, 131, 136
H
Midsentence adverbs (usually, seldom),
7, 50
Past habit (I used to live in . . . .),
26
Habitual past (used to do something),
26
Might,
89, 91
Past participles, 19, 42
Had:
Modal auxiliaries, 88–101 (
SEE ALSO
as adjectives (be tired, be surprised),
137
contracted with pronouns, 95
individual items)
following get (get tired),
140
in past perfect (She had already eaten),
53
in passive, 136
vs.
-ing (interested
vs.
interesting),
139
Had better
(You’d better study), 89, 95
More/-er . . . than,
117–118, 120
of irregular verbs, 20
Have,
auxiliary in present perfect (They
The most/-est,
117–118, 124
in passive, 131
have eaten),
42, 47
Much,
a lot,
far,
121
Past perfect (had left),
53
progressive vs. non-action, 12
Must,
89
Past progressive (was eating),
22
Have got to,
89, 96
logical conclusion, 97
Past time, 14–27 (
SEE ALSO
Tenses)
Have to,
89, 96
necessity, 96
Period, 104
do not have to,
96
Must not,
96
Personal pronouns (she, him, they),
82
Helping verbs (
SEE
Auxiliary verbs;
N
Phrasal verbs, 194
Negatives; Questions; individual
Nearly,
116
intransitive, 196
items)
Negatives:
list, 197
How,
65, 67
nonseparable, 194
adverbs (seldom, never),
7
how about,
70
separable, 194
be
not,
4
how far,
66
be
not
going to,
29
three-word, 197
how long,
66
past progressive (was/were not),
22
Plural nouns, 8, 75 (
SEE ALSO
Singular and
how often,
66
present perfect
(has/have not),
42
plural)
Polite questions, using modals (May I? Would
I
present progressive (am/is/are not),
4
should
not (shouldn’t),
94
If-clauses, 34
you?),
93–94
expressing future time in, 34
simple past (did not),
15
Possessive:
as noun clauses, 185, 191
simple present (does/do not),
4, 12
in adjective clauses (whose),
162
will
not (won’t),
31
nouns (Tom’s),
83
If/whether
in noun clauses, 185, 191
Immediate future (be about to),
38
pronouns and adjectives (mine,
my),
84
(
SEE ALSO
Contractions of verbs)
Prefer,
100
Imperative sentences (Stop!),
98
Neither,
108
Prepositional phrases (on the desk),
77
In,
as preposition of time, 78
Non-action (nonprogressive) verbs (know,
Prepositions (at, from, under),
defined, 73
want, belong),
12
Independent clause, 155
combinations with verbs and adjectives,
Noncount nouns (furniture, mail),
145–146,
Indirect speech (
SEE
Reported speech)
148–149
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