2 TRANSLATION TYPES TRANSLATION TYPICALLY HAS BEEN USED TO TRANSFER...

4.2 Translation types

Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to

equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to

reproduce various kinds of texts—including religious, literary, scientific, and

philosophical texts—in another language and thus making them available to

wider readers.

Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and

translation procedures. He writes that, "While translation methods relate to

whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units

of language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:

Word-for-word translation: the SL word order is preserved and the words

translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural

words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to

understand the structures of the SL or to analyze a difficult and complex text as

a pre-translation process

Literal translation: Literal translation is a broader form of translation each SL

word as a corresponding TL word, but their primary meaning may differ. The

SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but

the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. Literal translation is

considered the basic translation step, both in communicative and semantic

translation, in that translation starts form there. As pre translation process, it

indicates problems to be solved.

Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of

the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers

cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation

form SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the

text realization of the SL writer.

Semantic translation: It differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must

take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text. The distinction between

―faithful‖ and ―semantic‖ translation is that the first is uncompromising and

dogmatic, while the second is more flexible.

Adaptation: It is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays

(comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the

SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.

Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of

the original. Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. Therefore,

the advantage is that the text in TL sounds more natural. On the contrary, the

disadvantage is that translating is too casual to understand the original because

of its freedom.

Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to

distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these

do not exist in the original.

Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning

of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily

acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47). ―But even here

the translator still has to respect and work on the form of the source language

text as the only material basis of this work‖ (Peter Newmark, 1982:39)

In conclusion, because of the difference in grammar of English nominal clause

and Vietnamese equivalence, so that the translating method is different.

SL TL

Word – for - word

Literal

Faithful

Free

Idiomatic

Semantic

Communicative

Adaptation

Adaptation translation is the most effective method to transfer the meaning of

English nominal clause into Vietnamese equivalence.