QUESTIONS 7–12 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE.(1) A RECENT GOVERNM...

4. According to paragraph 3 of the passage, theCourt determined that it is not clear what impactabout the many implications of genetic testing out-Congress intended the 14th Amendment to havelined policy guidelines and legislative recommen-on public education becausedations intended to avoid involuntary and ineffectivea.Congress generally does not deal with publictesting and to protect confidentiality.(2) The report identified urgent concerns, sucheducation.b.public education was not universally availableas quality control measures (including federal over-or standardized at the time.sight for testing laboratories) and better geneticsc. in 1868, no transcripts of Congressionaltraining for medical practitioners. It recommendeddebates were kept.voluntary screening; urged couples in high-risk pop-d.the Court disagreed with Congress’ intentions.ulations to consider carrier screening; and advisedcaution in using and interpreting pre-symptomatic(7) Obtaining informed consent—a processor predictive tests as certain information could eas-that would include educating participants, not justily be misused or misinterpreted.processing documents—would enhance voluntary(3) About three in every 100 children are bornparticipation. When offered testing, parents shouldreceive comprehensive counseling, which shouldwith a severe disorder presumed to be genetic orbe nondirective. Relevant medical advice, however,partially genetic in origin. Genes, often in concertis recommended for treatable or preventablewith environmental factors, are being linked to theconditions.causes of many common adult diseases such as coro-nary artery disease, hypertension, various cancers,(8) Genetics also can predict whether certaindiabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Tests to deter-diseases might develop later in life. For single-genediseases, population screening should only be con-mine predisposition to a variety of conditions areunder study, and some are beginning to be applied.sidered for treatable or preventable conditions of(4) The report recommended that all screen-relatively high frequency. Children should be testeding, including screening of newborns, be voluntary.only for disorders for which effective treatments orCiting results of two different voluntary newbornpreventive measures could be applied early in life.screening programs, the report said these programscan achieve compliance rates equal to or better than