–6 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE

Questions 1–6 are based on the following passage.rudimentary; ungraded schools were common inrural areas; compulsory school attendance was vir-The following is taken from a case that came before thetually unknown. As a consequence, it is not surpris-Supreme Court in 1954: “347 US 483 (1954) Brown v.ing that there should be so little in the history of theBoard of Education.”14th Amendment relating to its intended effect onpublic education. . . .(1) These cases come to us from the States of Kansas,(4) In approaching this problem, we cannotSouth Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. . . . Argu-turn the clock back to 1868, when the [14th]ment was heard in the 1952 Term and reargumentAmendment was adopted. . . . We must considerwas heard this Term on certain questions pro-public education in the light of its full developmentpounded by the Court.and its present place in American life throughout the(2) Reargument was largely devoted to the cir-Nation. . . . Today, education is perhaps the mostcumstances surrounding the adoption of the 14thimportant function of state and local governments.Amendment in 1868. It covered exhaustively con-Compulsory school attendance laws and the greatsideration of the Amendment in Congress, ratifica-expenditures for education both demonstrate ourtion by the states, then existing practices in racialrecognition of the importance of education to oursegregation, and the views of proponents and oppo-democratic society. It is required in the performancenents of the Amendment. These sources and ourof our most basic public responsibilities, even serv-own investigation convince us that, although theseice in the armed forces. It is the very foundation ofsources cast some light, it is not enough to resolvegood citizenship. Today it is a principal instrumentthe problem with which we are faced. At best, theyin awakening the child to cultural values, in prepar-are inconclusive. The most avid proponents of theing him for later professional training, and in help-post-War Amendments undoubtedly intended theming him to adjust normally to his environment. Into remove all legal distinctions among “all personsthese days, it is doubtful that any child may reason-born or naturalized in the United States.” Theirably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied theopponents, just as certainly, were antagonistic toopportunity of an education. Such an opportunity,both the letter and the spirit of the Amendments andwhere the state has undertaken to provide it, is awished them to have the most limited effect. Whatright which must be made available to all on equalothers in Congress and the state legislatures had interms. . . .mind cannot be determined with any degree of(5) We conclude that in the field of public edu-certainty.cation . . . [s]eparate educational facilities are inher-(3) An additional reason for the inconclusiveently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffsnature of the Amendment’s history, with respect toand others similarly situated for whom the actionssegregated schools, is the status of public educationhave been brought are . . . deprived of equalat that time. In the South, the movement toward freeprotection.common schools, supported by general taxation,1. The passage indicates that the plaintiffs referred5. Which of the following sets of topics would bestorganize the information in the passage?to in paragraph 5 werea. I. the Supreme Court’s role in publica.not represented by attorneys.b.public school students.educationII. the role of state government in publicc. school board members.d.public school teachers.b. I. the history of the 14th Amendment2. In paragraph 2, the phrase post-War AmendmentsII. the cost of public educationc. I. the 14th Amendment and publicrefers toa.Constitutional amendments dealing withII. the importance of public education foreducation.individuals and the countryb.the Bill of Rights.d. I. the role of Congress in funding publicc. Constitutional amendments dealing with themilitary.d.the 14th and other Constitutional amend-II. the evolution of public educationments adopted after the Civil War.6. At the time of the adoption of the 14th Amend-3. Use of the term reargumentin paragraphs 1 andment, little attention was paid to the subject ofmandatory school attendance. According to2 would indicate thatparagraph 3 of the passage, this was because, ata.on occasion, the U.S. Supreme Court hearsthat time, mandatory attendance wasarguments on the same case more than once.a.impossible to enforce.b.the plaintiffs were not adequately prepared thefirst time they argued.b.enforced unequally with regard to race.c. practically non-existent.c. one or more Justices was absent during thed.supported only by public taxation.first argument.d.the membership of the Supreme Courtchanged after the first argument.