4. Classification or matching questions. These questions ask you to match information by placing facts
or sentences into the appropriate categories.
Question: The professor describes Freud’s theory of the personality. Match the element of the personal-
ity with its definition. [Click on a sentence. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each sen-
tence only once.]
The part of the personality that is the conscious awareness of the self and is driven by the reality
principle.
The part of the personality that is beneath our conscious awareness and is driven by the pleasure
The part of the personality that includes awareness of the self as a member of a larger society; the
conscience.
Id Ego Superego
Answer:
The part of the personality The part of the personality The part of the personality
that is beneath our con- that is the conscious awareness that includes awareness of
scious awareness and is of the self and is driven by the self as a member of a
driven by the pleasure the reality principle. larger society; the
principle. conscience.
L i s t e n i n g S t r a t e g i e sMany people think of listening, like reading, as a passive activity. But you can comprehend much more of what
you hear if you listen actively. Indeed, knowing how to listen can make a tremendous difference in how much
is understood.
Hearing versus Listening
The first step to active listening is to understand the difference between hearing and listening:
hearing: perceiving sounds with the ear
listening: the process of receiving and constructing meaning from an auditory message
In other words, you can hear things without really listening to them. Listening means to hear and to
process that information—to evaluate, analyze, and understand what is heard.
Active Listening Strategies
When you listen to someone in person, there are many things you can do to be a more active listener. You can
make sure you give the speaker your undivided attention, looking only at the speaker instead of gazing around
the room. You can use non-verbal feedback, such as nodding your head or leaning toward the speaker. You
can focus on the speaker’s message rather than other elements that may be distracting, such as the speaker’s
appearance. And you can interject questions and “affirmations,” such as “yes,”“I see,” and “really,” to acknowl-
edge and help clarify the speaker’s message.
But on the TOEFL exam, you won’t be face to face with a speaker. Instead, you will be sitting at a table
or study carrel, listening to an audiotape. But that doesn’t mean you can’t be an active listener. You can still:
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