–24 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE

Questions 18–24 are based on the following passage.obscures their vision of the night sky. Newly hatchedsea turtles have become confused by the urban glow(1) Light pollution is a growing problem world-of a nearby coastal city and instead of movingwide. Like other forms of pollution, light pollutiontoward the sea’s luminance, crawl toward the city’sdegrades the quality of the environment. Our abil-glow and their death. The circadian rhythms ofity to see and appreciate the night sky is beingplants and animals are also affected by a twenty-steadily diminished by the ever-increasing use offour-hours-a-day regimen of light. Birds that nor-inappropriate night lighting. Where once it was pos-sible to look up at the night sky and see thousandsmally sing at dawn can now be heard singing in themiddle of the urban night. Plants will retain theirof stars twinkling in the blackness, one now sees lit-leaves longer near a strong night light and thus willtle more than the yellow glare of urban sky glow.not be properly prepared for the arrival of winter.(2) A basic component of light pollution is(4) When we lose the ability to connect visu-glare. Glare occurs when light from a bright sourceally with the vastness of the universe by looking upshines directly into the eyes. It is usually caused byat the night sky, we lose our connection with some-an unshielded, or improperly shielded, light source.thing profoundly important to the human spirit,It can make driving on rainy, slick streets very haz-ardous. Glare that crosses property boundaries andour sense of wonder. Fortunately, this situation doesnot have to be. Unlike other forms of pollutioncreates a nuisance, is called “light trespass.” Lighttrespass is becoming an important issue in manywhere it may take years to repair the damage, lightpollution disappears immediately when correctivesuburban and rural communities because of theincreasing use of cheap, improperly shielded, 175-action is taken. In the long run, it is cheaper to installand maintain quality lighting that does not wastewatt, dusk-to-dawn mercury vapor light fixtures.Typically, they are installed in an effort to improveenergy by shining light that is too bright, where it isnot needed, and where it is not wanted.home security, on the theory that more light equals18. The passage implies that the most serious dam-22. Which of the following statements from the pas-age done by light pollution is to oursage indicate the writer’s opinion, rather thana.artistic appreciation.fact?b.sense of physical well-being.a.Glare that crosses property boundaries andcreates a nuisance is called “light trespass.”c. cultural advancement.b.Not only is light pollution a nuisance but it isd.spiritual selves.also harmful to life forms whose rhythms19. According to the passage, light trespass isdepend on celestial events.c. Unlike other forms of pollution, the damageincreasingly a problema.for criminals who are hiding in the shadows.of which may take years to repair, light pollu-tion disappears immediately when correctiveb.in suburban and rural areas.action is taken.c. in rainy weather.d.When we lose the ability to connect visuallyd.for migrating birds.with the night sky, we lose our connectionwith something profoundly important to the20. Which of the following words or phrases, ifhuman spirit.inserted into the blanks in the passage, wouldhelp the reader understand the sequence of the23. The passage maintains that light pollution can beauthor’s ideas?a.Second . . . thusdangerous to species other than human beingsbecause it tends to hideb.Then . . . finallyc. Therefore . . . as a resulta.the stars.d.On the other hand . . . stillb.predators.c. food sources.21. The author’s main purpose in writing this pas-d.places of shelter.sage is toa.explain why bright exterior lights do not deter