–28 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE

Questions 23–28 are based on the following passage.ments is Manege Square, which lies just west of theKremlin. Throughout Moscow’s past, this square(1) In 1997, Moscow, Russia, celebrated the 850thhas been a commercial district. In keeping with thatanniversary of its founding. In the more than eighthistory, the area will be developed as a modern shop-centuries that Moscow has been a viable city, it hasbeen characterized by waves of new construction.ping mall, complete with restaurants, theaters, casi-nos, and a parking garage. Before construction couldThe most recent one is ongoing, as Moscow thrivesas capital of the new Russia. The architecture ofbegin, however, the site was excavated and a wealthof Russian history was uncovered.Moscow represents a hodgepodge of styles, as 12th-century forms mingle with elegant estates from the(5) Archaeologists working in Manege Squareuncovered the commercial life of eight centuries.times of the czars and functional structures thatBy excavating five meters deep, archaeologists pro-reflect the pragmatism of the Soviet era. As Moscowvided a picture of the evolution of commercialgrows under a new system of government, there isconcern that some of the city’s architectural historyMoscow. Among the finds: wooden street pavementfrom the time of Ivan the Terrible (16th century), awill be lost.(2) Moscow has a history of chaotic periodswide cobblestone road from the era of Peter theGreat (early 18th century), street paving from thethat ended with the destruction of the largelywooden city and the building of the “new” city onreign of Catherine the Great (mid- to late 18th cen-tury), and a wealthy merchant’s estate (19thtop of the rubble of the old. The result is a layeredcentury). Smaller finds—a belt and buckle, a gold25. What is the meaning of the word chaoticas usedchain, shoes, locks, and a horse harness—providein paragraph 2 of this passage?a.tumultuousrich details about the lives of Muscovites of the past.The citizens of the present are determined that his-b.unformedc. undevelopedtory will not repeat itself, and that the past will beuncovered and celebrated rather than shrouded andd.remarkableforgotten. As a result of this respectful approach to26. The phrase the citizens of the present are deter-modernization, Moscow, a city with more and moremined that history will not repeat itselfin para-modern structures appearing all the time, remainslargely distinguished by Byzantine cathedrals, 15th-graph 5 is most closely related to whichstatement in the passage?and 16th-century stone buildings, and the ostenta-tious estates of the 18th and 19th centuries.a.“the architecture of Moscow represents ahodgepodge of styles” (paragraph 1)23. From the information in paragraph 2, the readerb.“Moscow has a history of chaotic periods thatended with the destruction of the largelycan infer thata.the people of Moscow are more interested inwooden city and the building of the ‘new’ cityon top of the rubble of the old” (paragraph 2)modernization than in preservation.b.the Soviet government destroyed many oldc. “new building represents progress, andprogress is necessary for the growth of thebuildings, in keeping with an anti-czaristpolicy.nation” (paragraph 3)d.“the area will be developed as a modern shop-c. there are very few 850-year-old cities in exis-tence and fewer yet that preserve their past.ping mall, complete with restaurants, theaters,d.Moscow has a history of invasions, with eachcasinos, and a parking garage” (paragraph 4)new conqueror destroying the buildings of theprevious regime.27. Which of the following is a valid conclusionbased on the information in paragraph 3 of the24. Which of the following assumptions most influ-passage?enced the views expressed by the writer in thisa.Throughout history, various Russian regimeshave responded to a problem by creating aa.Progress and preservation are equally impor-governmental agency to deal with it.b.The Russian government hopes to keep newtant principles of urban planning.b.Generally speaking, Muscovites are morebuilding to an absolute minimum.interested in building new structures than inc. The government of Moscow is encouragingsaving old ones.new building while, at the same time, protect-c. Architectural history has little meaning toing old architecture.people struggling to form a new government.d.Builders in Moscow must apply for andd.Archaeologists and bureaucrats generally doreceive several different permits before con-not work well together.struction can commence.28. According to the information included in thesequestered in museums and galleries, is art specif-ically designed for a public arena where the art willpassage, which of the following is true of archae-be encountered by people in their normal day-to-dayologists in Moscow?activities. Public art can be purely ornamental ora.They have uncovered a great number of his-highly functional; it can be as subtle as a decorativetorically significant items, both large anddoor knob or as conspicuous as the Chicago Picasso.small.It is also an essential element of effective urbanb.They operate under severe time constraints, asdesign.contractors wait to begin new buildings.(4) The more obvious forms of public artc. There are not nearly enough archaeologicalinclude monuments, sculptures, fountains, murals,teams to conduct all the possible research.and gardens. But public art also takes the form ofd.They are concerned about preserving the arti-ornamental benches or street lights, decorativefacts of modes of transportation in particular.manhole covers, and mosaics on trash bins. Manycity dwellers would be surprised to discover just