65. READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND MARK THE LETTER A, B...

Questions 56 - 65. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions. The response of most animals when suddenly faced with a predator is to flee. Natural selection has acted in a variety of ways in different species to enhance the efficacy of the behaviours, known as "flight behaviours" or escape behaviours that are used by preyin fleeing predators. Perhaps the most direct adaptation is enhanced light speed and agility. Adaptations for speed, however, are likely to require sacrifices biter attributes, so we might expect only some species to adopt a simple fast flight strategy. Another way of enhancing the effectiveness of flight is to move in an erratic and unpredictable way. Many species, like ptarmigans,snipes, and various antelopes and gazelles, flee from predators in a characteristic zigzag fashion. Rapid unexpected changes in flightdirection make it difficult for a predator to track prey. In some species, like the European hare, erratic zigzag flight might be more effective in the presence of predators that are faster thanthey are and straight light more effective against predators that are slower. One observation that supports this suggestion is the recorded tendency for slow-flying black-beaded gulls, which are normally able to escape predators by means of direct flight, to show frequent changes in flight direction when they spot a peregrine falcon (peregrines are adept at capturing flying birds). A quite different way of enhancing escape by flight is to use so-called "flash" behaviour. Here, the alarmed prey flees for a short distance and then "freezes." Some predators are unexcited by immobile prey, and a startling flash of activity followed by immobilitymay confuse them. "Flash" behaviour is used in particular by frogs and orthopteran insects, which make conspicuous jumps and then sit immobile. In some species, "flash" behaviour is enhanced by the display of bright body markings. Good examples of insectswith colourful markings are the red and yellow underwing moths. At rest, both species are a cryptic brown color. When they fly, however, brightly coloured hind wings are exposed, which render the moths highly conspicuous. Similarly, some frogs and lizards have brightly coloured patches or frills that may serve a 'flash" function when they move quickly. Some species even appear to possess "flash" sounds. The loud buzzing and clicking noises made by some grasshoppers when they jump may serve to emphasize the movement. 56. The word "enhance" is closest in meaning to... A. encourage B. resist C. increase D. reveal 57. The description of the prey's movement as "zigzag" suggests that the movement is... A. reliable B. fast C. constant D. unpredictable 58. It can be inferred from the passage that the European hare... A. is faster than most of its predators B. is capable of two kinds of flight C. is more likely to escape using straight flight D. is preyed upon by gulls and falcons 59. The behaviour of black-beaded gulls is most comparable to that of... A. gazelles B. European hares C. peregrine falcons D. frogs 60. It can be inferred that black-beaded gulls change direction when they spot a peregrine falcon for which of the following reasons? A. The falcons are faster than the gulls. B. The gulls want to capture the falcons. C. The falcons are unpredictable. D. The gulls depend on the falcons for protection. 61. The word "alarmed" is closest in meaning to... A. moving B. selected C. frightened D. exhausted 62. All of the followings are mentioned as characteristics of "flash" behaviour EXCEPT... A. brief conspicuous activity B. immobility C. bright body markings D. aggressive fighting 63. The phrase "in particular" is closest in meaning to... A. especially B. with difficulty C. expertly D. frequently 64. The hind wings of red and yellow underwing moths function in a way that is most similar to... A. the hind wings of peregrine falcons B. the zigzag flight of European hares C. the colored patches on frogs D. the clicking of grasshoppers Trang 3/4 - Mó đề thi 15265. Why does the author mention "grasshopper" in the last line? A. To contrast animals that "flash" with animals that "freeze". B. As an example of an animal whose "flash" behaviour is a sound. C. To compare the jumping behaviour of insects and reptiles. D. As an example of a predator that moths escape by using "flash" behavior.