- 65. READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND MARK THE LETTER A, B...

Questions 56 - 65. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the best answerto each of the following questions.The response of most animals when suddenly faced with a predator is to flee. Natural selection hasacted in a variety of ways in different species to enhance the efficacy of the behaviours, known as "flightbehaviours" or escape behaviours that are used by prey in fleeing predators. Perhaps the most directadaptation is enhanced light speed and agility.Adaptations for speed, however, are likely to require sacrifices biter attributes, so we might expectonly some species to adopt a simple fast flight strategy.Another way of enhancing the effectiveness of flight is to move in an erratic and unpredictable way.Many species, like ptarmigans, snipes, and various antelopes and gazelles, flee from predators in acharacteristic zigzag fashion. Rapid unexpected changes in flight direction make it difficult for a predator totrack prey.In some species, like the European hare, erratic zigzagflight might be more effective in the presenceof predators that are faster than they are and straight light more effective against predators that are slower.One observation that supports this suggestion is the recorded tendency for slow-flying black-beaded gulls,which are normally able to escape predators by means of direct flight, to show frequent changes in flightdirection when they spot a peregrine falcon (peregrinesare adept at capturing flying birds).A quite different way of enhancing escape by flight is to use so-called "flash" behaviour. Here, thealarmed prey flees for a short distance and then "freezes." Some predators are unexcited by immobile prey,and a startling flash of activity followed by immobility may confuse them. "Flash" behaviour is used inparticular by frogs and orthopteraninsects, which make conspicuous jumps and then sit immobile. In somespecies, "flash" behaviour is enhanced by the display of bright body markings. Good examples of insects withcolourful markings are the red and yellow underwing moths. At rest, both species are a cryptic brown color.When they fly, however, brightly coloured hind wings are exposed, which render the moths highlyconspicuous. Similarly, some frogs and lizards have brightly coloured patches or frills that may serve a 'flash"function when they move quickly. Some species even appear to possess "flash" sounds. The loud buzzing andclicking noises made by some grasshoppers when they jump may serve to emphasize the movement.56.The word "enhance" is closest in meaning to...A. encourage B. resist C. increase D. reveal57. The description of the prey's movement as "zigzag" suggests that the movement is...A. reliable B. fast C. constant D. unpredictable58.It can be inferred from the passage that the European hare...A. is faster than most of its predatorsB. is capable of two kinds of flightC. is more likely to escape using straight flightD. is preyed upon by gulls and falcons59.The behaviour of black-beaded gulls is most comparable to that of...A. gazelles B. European hares C. peregrine falcons D. frogs60.It can be inferred that black-beaded gulls change direction when they spot a peregrine falcon for which ofthe following reasons?A. The falcons are faster than the gulls.B. The gulls want to capture the falcons.C. The falcons are unpredictable.D. The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.61. The word "alarmed" is closest in meaning to...A. moving B. selected C. frightened D. exhausted62.All of the followings are mentioned as characteristics of "flash" behaviour EXCEPT...A. brief conspicuous activity B. immobilityC. bright body markings D. aggressive fighting63.The phrase "in particular" is closest in meaning to...A. especially B. with difficulty C. expertly D. frequently64.The hind wings of red and yellow underwing moths function in a way that is most similar to...A. the hind wings of peregrine falcons B. the zigzag flight of European haresC. the colored patches on frogs D. the clicking of grasshoppers65.Why does the author mention "grasshopper" in the last line?A. To contrast animals that"flash"with animals that"freeze".B. As an example of an animal whose"flash"behaviour is a sound.C. To compare the jumping behaviour of insects and reptiles.D. As an example of a predator that moths escape by using"flash"behavior.