Câu 35: Which of the following IS NOT achieved by genetic modification?
A. Giving plants necessary traits taken from animals’ genes
B. Producing hybrids or crossbreeds from many animals and plants
C. Encouraging people to give up selective breeding completely
D. Making big changes to the very nature of biology
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 36 to 43.
The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always
comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most
people still have an irrational fear of hospitals, and anaesthetics. Patients do not often
believe they really need surgery - cutting into a part of the body as opposed to
treatment with drugs.
In the early years of the 20th century there was little specialization in surgery. A good
surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been advised up to
that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that
were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves
repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or
replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still
permit the patient to live comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon
wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.
The scope of surgery has increased remarkably in the past decades. Its safety has
increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and
surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of birth
defects in new born babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life saving operations
for the octogenarian. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a
week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an
operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.
Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include replacement
of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic: the replacement of heart
valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as lens of the eye; the
invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the
development of heart and lung machines to keep patients alive during very long
operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery.
One of the most revolutionary areas of modem surgery is that of organ transplants.
Until a few decades ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his
body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing
them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of X-rays and special
drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods
of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins.
Heart and lung transplants have also been reasonably successful.
"Spare parts" surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new
ones, is
still a dream of the future but surgery is ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can
be happy if your doctors say to you, "Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this
condition."
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