WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN BE INFERRED FROM THE PASSAGE ABOUT ROCKS...

8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice iscommon?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.III. Read the following passage and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-I for each part (1-7) of the passage. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Oneexample has been done for you. A. Indoor climbing is preferred B. Early imperfectionsC. Putting up with natureD. Useful attachmentsE. Something in commonF. The demand for indoor practiceG. The inventor of the wall H. A lighter construction method I. Watching the expertGOING UP THE WALL0 I

The crowd holds its breath. High above them on the climbing wall, hanging upside

down by the tips of two fingers, is the French climber Francois Lombard. He is

competing in the World Cup Climbing Championships at Birmingham’s National

Indoor Arena.

1

The National Indoor Arena is more famous for staging the TV show Gladiators, but

the television programme and the World Cup Climbing Championships share at least

one feature - The Wall. And the fact that either event is possible is the result of a new

and rapidly developing technology.

2

Until the mid- 1960s, climbers practiced their skills on cliffs in areas where there was

a plentiful supply of good climbing angles. During the winter they would either

tolerate the cold weather, go walking instead or climb on snow and ice in Scotland.

3

However, as the sport developed it was increasingly important for top climbers to

keep fit. With the cliffs unusable for much of the year, they used brick-edges or stone

buildings to ‘work out’ on. This allowed them to keep their fingers strong and beat

off the boredom of not being able to climb. It wasn’t long before many sports centre

started building walls specifically for the task, using bricks with special edges to

cling on to.

4

Many of these early walls followed the example set by Don Robison, a teacher of

physical education who, during the mid- 1960s, constructed a climbing wall in

corridor of his department at Leeds University. Robison developed the idea of setting

natural rock in a block of concrete, which could then be included in a wall.

5

Scores of climbing walls of this kind were built in sports halls up and down the

country throughout the 1970s but they had obvious design problems. Walls could

only be built in a vertical plane, whereas cliffs outside have features like overhangs

and angled slabs of rock. There was the added drawback that once the walls were up

they couldn’t be altered and climbers would eventually tire of their repetitive nature,

despite thinking of every combination of holds possible.

6

In 1985, a Frenchman, Francois Savigny, developed a material which he moulded

into shapes like those that climbers would find on the cliffs. These could be fixed

onto any existing wall and then taken off when climbers got bored with a particular

combination.

7French manufactures also began to experiment with panels on steel framework. Concrete hadproved too heavy to create overhanging walls without major building work, but steel frames couldbe erected anywhere as free - standing structures. A system of interchangeable fixtures gaveclimbers an endless supply of new holds.PART E: WRITING I. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it has a similar meaning to theoriginal one. You must not change the word given.