10. A. electricity B. electronic C. electric D. electrical
II. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question (10
points):
Not long ago, written communication was slow. In the past, you (1). . . …
communicate with someone (2) . . . letter. They would receive the (3). . .
from you several days or weeks after you sent it, though. Sometimes, that must have (4). . .
. . . .very annoying! For example, you couldn’t send a letter (5). . .
someone to your party (6). . . .. . . you sent it at least a week before.
Today, though, with e-mail and text messages, we can send a (7). . .
message to someone (8). . . .. . . and we don’t have to go to the post office or pay for
a (9). . . .. . ! It’s now easier than ever to stay in touch with friends and relations
wherever they are in the world. Now you can decide to have a party in the (10). . . ,
and your friends will be there in the evening. That’s great, isn’t it?
III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer
sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. (10 pts)
Culture is a word in common use with complex meanings, and is derived, like the
term broadcasting, from the treatment and care of the soil and of what grows on it. It is
directly related to cultivation and the adjectives cultural and cultured are part of the same
verbal complex. A person of culture has identifiable attributes, among them a
knowledge of and interest in the arts, literature, and music. Yet the word culture does not
refer solely to such knowledge and interest nor, indeed, to education. At least from the
19th century onwards, under the influence of anthropologists and sociologists, the word
culture has come to be used generally both in the singular and the plural (cultures) to
refer to a whole way of life of people, including their customs, laws, conventions, and
values
Distinctions have consequently been drawn between primitive and advanced
culture and cultures, between elite and popular culture, between popular and mass
culture, and most recently between national and global cultures. Distinctions have been
drawn too between culture and civilization; the latter is a word derived not, like culture or
agriculture, from the soil, but from the city. The two words are sometimes treated as
synonymous. Yet this is misleading. While civilization and barbarism are pitted against
each other in what seems to be a perpetual behavioural pattern, the use of the word
culture has been strongly influenced by conceptions of evolution in the 19th century and
of development in the 20th century. Cultures evolve or develop. They are not static. They
have twists and turns. Styles change. So do fashions. There are cultural processes. What,
for example, the word cultured means has changed substantially since the study of
classical (that is, Greek and Roman) literature, philosophy, and history ceased in the 20th
century to be central to school and university education. No single alternative focus
emerged, although with computers has come electronic culture, affecting kinds of study,
and most recently digital culture. As cultures express themselves in new forms not
everything gets better or more civilized.
The multiplicity of meanings attached to the word made and will make it difficult
to define. There is no single, unproblematic definition, although many attempts have been
made to establish one. The only non-problematic definitions go back to agricultural
meaning (for example, cereal culture or strawberry culture) and medical meaning (for
example, bacterial culture or penicillin culture). Since in anthropology and sociology we
also acknowledge culture clashes, culture shock, and counter-culture, the range of
reference is extremely wide.
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