CREATUREREAD THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND MARK THE LETTER A, B, C, OR D ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET TOINDICATE THE CORRECT ANSWER TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FROM QUESTIONS 6 TO 13
Câu 5: A.
pressure
B.
mature
C.
measure
D.
creature
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from questions 6 to 13.
Culture is a word in common use with complex meanings, and is derived, like the term
broadcasting, from the treatment and care of the soil and of what grows on it.
It
is directly
related to cultivation and the adjectives cultural and cultured are part of the same verbal
complex. A person of culture has identifiable
attributes, among them a knowledge of and
interest in the arts, literature, and music. Yet the word culture does not refer solely to such
knowledge and interest nor, indeed, to education. At least from the 19th century onwards,
under the influence of anthropologists and sociologists, the word culture has come to be used
generally both in the singular and the plural (cultures) to refer to a whole way of life of
people, including their customs, laws, conventions, and values.
Distinctions have consequently been drawn between primitive and advanced culture and
cultures, between elite and popular culture, between popular and mass culture, and most
recently between national and global cultures. Distinctions have been drawn too between
culture and civilization; the latter is a word derived not, like culture or agriculture, from the
soil, but from the city. The two words are sometimes treated as synonymous. Yet this is
misleading. While civilization and barbarism are pitted against each other in what seems to
be a perpetual behavioural pattern, the use of the word culture has been strongly influenced
by 6 conceptions of evolution in the 19th century and of development in the 20th century.
Cultures evolve or develop. They are not
static. They have twists and turns. Styles change.
So do fashions. There are cultural processes. What, for example, the word cultured means
has changed substantially since the study of classical (that is, Greek and Roman) literature,
philosophy, and history ceased in the 20th century to be central to school and university
education. No single alternative focus emerged, although with computers has come
electronic culture, affecting kinds of study, and most recently digital culture. As cultures
express themselves in new forms not everything gets better or more civilized.
The multiplicity of meanings attached to the word made and will make it difficult to
define. There is no single, unproblematic definition, although many attempts have been
made to establish one. The only nonproblematic definitions go back to agricultural meaning
(for example, cereal culture or strawberry culture) and medical meaning (for example,
bacterial culture or penicillin culture). Since in anthropology and sociology we also
acknowledge culture clashes, culture shock, and counter-culture, the range of reference is
extremely wide.