. THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL SYMBOLIZED THE FAILURE OF THE SOVIE...

2003). The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the failure of the Soviet Union because the Marxism-Leninism ideology has not prevailed (Bowker, 1997). The presence of a structural break is tested with a dummy that takes the value of zero before 1989 and one afterwards. The collapse of the Soviet Union did not mark a structural break in my analysis.

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