Câu 25: What is the best title of the passage?
A. Shackleton‟s Amazing Feat B. A Great Attempt to Cross Antarctica
C. Shackleton‟s Life in Antarctica D. A Successful Expedition
Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to the following questions.
Free-standing sculpture that is molded or carved is a type familiar to almost everyone.
Although certain free-standing figures or groups of figures can have only a single side
intended for viewing, others are completed on all sides. As with all other forms of art, the
ultimate shape of a sculpture reflects the artist„s vision of individuals or experiences
represented by the work. Throughout history, people everywhere have discovered a need
for sculpture as a record of events and feelings.
Materials which can be sculptured do much to contribute to the artist‟s imagination.
Wood, stone, metal, and various types of plastic and synthetics are all used as sculpting
media. When sculptures are made of stone, wood, ivory, or even ice, the sculptor carves
or chips the substance to reduce it to the necessary shape. Developing a sculptured image
on all sides represents a change from the older approach when artists left the back portion
of the figure unfinished and rough. In fact, sculpture in relief is completely attached to the
flat background material and appears to be a part of it. Relief, which is completed only on
one side intended for viewing, was the first type of sculpture created by man, when
ancient sculptors removed the background material in a side of a tree or a cave to make
their drawing appear more realistic.
While creating a statue, the artist depends on the appropriate lighting to develop the
figure because the quality of the final product relies on the interplay between light and
shade. When the work is finished, the sculpture must be displayed in the same light as it
was originally created. If a light from a source is too weak or too strong, the effect that the
sculptor intended may be lost. For example, in painting, the light and shade give the
image shape and solidity that cannot be altered by an external light in which it is
displayed. When a sculpture is exhibited, the artist‟s work is brought to life by light, and
its character can be altered by the control of the light source. A fundamental difference
between a painting and a sculpture is that when viewing a painting, the audience can only
see the point of view that the painter had intended. A free- standing sculpture can be seen
from practically any angle. The job of the sculptor is then to attain the quality and the
volume of the image from any possible point of view.
In addition to carving a work, sculptures can be cast. In the process of casting, a
sculpture can be reproduced in a mold when a liquefied medium is poured into shape.
After the material from which the sculpture is made hardens, the mold is removed, and the
work is cleaned of the excess and polished. Casting allows the artists to produce as many
replicas as needed. Most commercially sold sculptures are made in this way. Casting
metals requires special care and skill. Bronze is the preferred metal because of its
versatility and malleability. To make bronze sculpture, the space in a mold is filled with
wax until it is melted by the heated metal. This process, sometimes called lost-wax, was
favored by Benvenuto Cellini and was common among the artists in ancient China.
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