D.CHOICE AIS AN UNCLEAR SENTENCE BECAUSE ITCOULD REFER TO SEVERAL...

75. d.Choice ais an unclear sentence because itcould refer to several antecedents, including foreign body,molecules, immune system,and species. The correct antecedent is immune system. Choice ealso has anerror in subject-verb agreement (speciesrequires a singular verb—reacts).

Verbal

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Section

Glossary

active voice when the subject is performing the action (as opposed to passive voice)ad hominem a logical fallacy in which the arguer attacks a person rather than the person’s claimagreement the state of being balanced in number (e.g., singular subjects and singular verbs; pluralantecedents and plural pronouns)antecedent the word or phrase to which a pronoun refers (e.g.,Jane kissed her son)argument a set of claims with a conclusion (main claim) and one or more premises supporting thatconclusionbegging the question a logical fallacy in which the conclusion repeats the premisebias a strong inclination or preference for one person, position, or point of view over otherscause a person, thing, or action that makes something happenchronological order when events are arranged by time (the order in which the events occurred or willoccur)claim a statement with a truth valueclause a group of words containing a subject and predicate (e.g.,as he came running)comparative the adjective form showing the greater degree in quality or quantity, which is formed byadding -er(e.g.,happier) or less(e.g.,less beautiful)comparison the discovery of similarities between two or more items or ideascomplex sentence a sentence with at least one dependent and one independent clausecompound sentence a sentence with at least two independent clausesconclusion in critical reasoning, the main claim of an argument (the assertion it aims to prove)conjunctive adverb a word or phrase that often works with a semicolon to connect two independent clausesand show the relationship to one another (e.g.,however, therefore, likewise)contraction a word that uses an apostrophe to show that a letter or letters have been omitted (e.g.,can’t)contrast the discovery of differences between two or more items or ideascoordinating conjunction one of seven words—and, but, for, nor, or, so,and yet—that serve to connect twoindependent clausesdependent clause a clause that has a subordinating conjunction and expresses an incomplete thoughtdiction word choicedirect object the person or thing that receives the action of the sentenceeffect an event or change created by an actionfragment an incomplete sentence (it may or may not have a subject and predicate)gerund the noun form of a verb, which is created by adding -ingto the verb basehelping verb (auxiliary verb) verbs that help indicate exactly when an action will take place, is taking place,did take place, should take place, might take place, and so on.independent clause a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand on its ownindirect object the person or thing that receives the direct objectinfinitive the base form of a verb plus the word to(e.g.,to go)intransitive verb a verb that does not take an object (the subject performs the action on his-/her-/itself)logical reasonable, based upon reasoning and good common sense, not emotionallogical fallacy a flaw or error in reasoningmain idea the controlling idea of a passagemechanics the rules governing punctuation, capitalization, and spellingmodifier a word or phrase that describes or qualifies a person, place, thing, or actionnon sequitur a logical fallacy in which the connection between a premise and conclusion is unstated; jump-ing to conclusionsorder of importance when ideas are arranged by rank, from most to least important or least to mostimportantparagraph one or more sentences about one main idea, set off by indenting the first lineparticipial phrase the adjective form of a verb, which is created by adding -ingto the verb basepassive voice when the subject of the sentence is being acted upon (passively receives the action)past participle the verb form expressing what happened in the past, formed by a past-tense helping verbplus the simple past-tense form of the verbphrase a group of words that do not contain both a subject and a predicate (e.g.,in the box,will be going)post hoc, ergo propter hoc a logical fallacy that assumes X caused Y just because X preceded Ypredicate the part of the sentence that tells us what the subject is or doespremise a claim given in support of a conclusion in an argument