60. A. used B. responsible C. asking D. explaining
Read the following passage and mark A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each
of the questions
MODERN SURGERY
The need for a surgical operation , especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe
shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of
hospitals and anesthetics. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery- cutting into a part of the body
as opposed to treatment with drugs.
In the early years of the twentieth century there was little specialisation in surgery. A good surgeon was
capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is
different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of 60 years ago. The heart can be
safely opened and its valves required. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or
replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to
live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every
type of modern operation. The scope of surgery has increased remarkably. Its safety has increased too. The
hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as a week for most major operation.
Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged
blood vessels with stimulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the
transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of
poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machines to keep patients alive during very
long operations. All theses things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery.
One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years
ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without
reacting against them and eventually killing them. recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of
X-ray and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods
of a year or more. Kidney’s have been successfully transplanted between non- identical twins. Heart and lung
transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be
solved.
“Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a
dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if
your doctor says to you: “Yes, I think it is possible to operate ”.
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