000 YEARS. IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARTWORK, FOR EXAMPLE, THE RIGHT-HAND...

5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right-hand is depicted as the dominant one inabout 90percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority ofancient people were right-handed.Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000years old commonly show outlines of human hands madeby placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with theother. Children today make similaroutlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons aredisplayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to atleast 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone coresused in toolmaking: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker)can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handedtoolmaker).Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cutmeat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-dayInuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users` teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (madeby left-handers).Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differencesbetween the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between thetwo sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body isused to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as HomoerectusandHomo habilis,seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.Question 36. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Human ancestors became predominantly right-handed when they began to use tools.B. It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence concerning tool use.C. Humans and their ancestors have been predominantly right-handed for over a million years.D. Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern humans.Question 37. The word “other” in line 7 refers toA. outline B. hand C. wall D. paintQuestion 38. What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?A. Some are not very old. B. It is unusual to see such paintings.C. Many were made by children. D. The artists were mostly right-handed.Question 39. The word “clues” in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. solutions B. details C. damage D. informationQuestion 40. The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significantbecause……A. the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can be verifiedB. it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestorsC. the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns produced bymodern knivesD. it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using toolsQuestion 41. Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Habilis in line 23-24?A. To contrast them with modern humansB. To explain when human ancestors began to make toolsC. To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handedD. To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very largeQuestion 42. All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handednessEXCEPT…A. ancient artwork B. asymmetrical skullsC. studies of tool use D. fossilized hand bonesRead the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswer to each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.By the mid-nineteenth century, the term"icebox"had entered the American language, but ice wasstill only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with thegrowth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-lookingcity dealersin fresh meat, freshfish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freightcars, italso came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, andBaltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This hadbecome possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modernrefrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, wasrudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from meltingwas of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, earlyefforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Notuntil near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation andBut as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had beenon the right track.He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetownwas the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, hefound that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay apremium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox,Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep theirproducecool.Question 43. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The influence of ice on the diet B. The development of refrigerationC. The transportation of goods to market D. Sources of ice in the nineteenth centuryQuestion 44. According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of the language ofthe United States?A. In 1803 B. Sometime before 1850C. During the Civil War D. Near the end of the nineteenth centuryQuestion 45. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 3 is closest in meaning to………A. progressive B. popular C. thrifty D. well-establishedQuestion 46. The author mentions “fish” in line 4 because……..A. many fish dealers also sold iceB. fish was shipped in refrigerated freight carsC. fish dealers were among the early commercial users of iceD. fish was not part of the ordinary person`s diet before the invention of the iceboxQuestion 47. According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development ofthe icebox?A. Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight carsB. The use of insufficient insulationC. The lack of a network for the distribution of iceD. Inadequate understanding of physicsQuestion 48. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would………..A. completely prevent ice from melting B. stop air from circulatingC. allow ice to melt slowly D. use blankets to conserve iceQuestion 49. According to the passage, Moore`s icebox allowed him to………..A. charge more for his butter B. travel to market at nightC. manufacture butter more quickly D. produce ice all year roundQuestion 50. The "produce" mentioned in line 21 could include…….A. iceboxes B. butter C. ice D. marketsTHE END