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58. According to the author, one mark of civilized society is that it ………....…A. affirms the primacy of speech over writing. B. affirms the primacy of writing over speech.C. teaches its children to speak perfectly. D. keeps written records.Part 2. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in eachspace.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students (59)………..…… the learning of English vocabulary. The results were surprising. I’ll mention three of them.Firstly, most of the students think that (60) …………....… every word in English has just onemeaning. This is, of course, completely contrary to the facts. A glance at any English dictionary will showthis. The student will frequently find seven or eight meanings listed (61) …….…..… quite “simple”words.Why, then, have these students made such a mistake? One reason may be that they are all sciencestudents. Scientists try to use words in their subject 62) ………..……. have one meaning, and one meaningonly. Another reason, of course, could be the way in which these students were taught. They may have usedvocabulary lists when they first (63) ……… English. On one side of the page is the word inEnglish; on the other side, a single word in the student’s native language.The second attitude that (64) ………... from the findings is equally mistaken. Practically all thestudents think that every word in English has an exact translational equivalent. Again, this is far from thetruth. Sometimes one word in English can only be (65) ………….….. by a phrase in the student’s nativelanguage. There are other difficulties in translation which we won’t mention here. Certainly, the idea of oneword for one word translation process is completely false. Translation machines, which tried to work onthis principle, failed completely.The third result of the (66) ………….…. showed another error in the students’ thinking. Theybelieve that as soon as they know the meaning of a word, they’re in a position to use it correctly. This is(67) …………..… for any language but is perhaps particularly false for English. The student has to learnwhen to use a word as well as to know what it means. Some words in English mean almost the same butthey can only be used in certain (68) ………... . What then, is the best way to increase one’svocabulary? This can be answered in three words: observation, imitation and repetition.Part 3. You are going to read a magazine article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (69-75). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.A. As a result, the impact on the instrumental curriculum and the measures used to assess progressthrough it will be such that they will need to adapt to maintain their relevance for a broader sector of thepopulation. Ultimately, they will need to encompass a wider range of musical skills.B. For all these reasons, there is likely to be a continuing demand for instrumental teaching in theshort term. What about the longer term picture? Is there likely to be a shift in focus and, if so, whatdirection will it take?C. I would respond to the latter question on a positive note. The music industry is one of the majorgenerators of income in Britain and musical skill and talent will continue to be important in preparingindividuals to work in a variety of professions, in particular those related to the media.D. This represents a fundamental change from traditional practice and it will be accompanied by theneed to respond to demands for public accountability. Viewed positively, this should provide anopportunity for all those involved in music education to demonstrate the high quality of music tuitionavailable.E. There seems little doubt that the widening access to music is likely to continue, fulfilling as itdoes so many human needs. On a national level, no major state occasion is without music. For individuals,it provides opportunities for numerous activities, formal and informal.F. One of the best-recognised functions is that of providing an outlet for emotional expression. Itsinfluence on our moods can be therapeutic. It provides a means of communicating which goes beyondwords and provides us with shared unspoken understandings. G. Developing in parallel with this trend is a likely increase in the number of people, across thewhole age range, who wish to actively participate in music making. Such activities are likely to becommunity based and will reflect the musical traditions of that community whatever they may be.H. While these results are still to be successfully replicated, other data from Europe has indicatedthat an increase in .group music lessons can have positive effects on social relationships in school and onconcentration in young children and those with behavioural difficulties. Music - The Challenge AheadTechnological advances continue to transform our lives at work, at home and in our leisureactivities. Susan Hallam discusses their impact on music in Britain.In the latter part of the 20

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century, we saw a rapid increase in the opportunities available forlistening to music through radio, TV, records, tapes, CDs, videos and a rapidly developing range of multi-media techniques. Along with this, there has been a decline in the performance of live music and in the full-time employment opportunities for professional musicians.(69) ……….Indeed, a society without music is surely unthinkable and it seems that the issue is not whether therewill be music in the 21

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century but what the nature of that music will be; and also whether there will be acontinued perceived need for people to learn to play musical instruments.(70) ………In addition to its vocational significance, there is a growing body of evidence that playing aninstrument may be beneficial to the development of skills at an earlier stage. Research in the USA hassuggested that listening to or actively making music has a direct positive effect on spatial reasoning, oneaspect of the measurement of intelligence.(71) ………..Taking the idea behind such findings one step further, current research is investigating to whatextent playing an instrument may even encourage the development of transferable skills. For instance, theneed to practise regularly may assist in the acquisition of good study habits and focused concentration;playing in concerts may encourage habits of punctuality and good organization.(72) ………While there are many possible scenarios, I believe that two possibilities are likely. Firstly, the kindsof music to which people will listen will become more diverse. New genres will develop which willintegrate different styles. Secondly, there will be an increase in the use of technology to compose andperform music. This will widen access to composition as there will be less reliance on technical skill but atthe same time, it is likely to further reduce the need for live performance and musicians whose role is solelyrelated to it.(73) ……….If this vision of the future is to be realised, what does the music profession need to do inpreparation? The focus of instrumental tuition will need to change. Ways will need to be found to enablemore people to learn to play a range of instruments, throughout their life span.(74) ……….…Crucial to the success of the process will be the training of musicians. They will need to be able tomotivate, inspire and teach learners of all ages, develop skills for working with large and diverse groupsand acquire the communication, social, entrepreneurial and management skills necessary for communitywork.(75) ………..……...Finally, we need to strive towards raising the profile of music itself. Music plays a crucial role inour lives but all too often it is taken for granted. Those involved in the music profession at all levels need towork actively together to ensure that this changes.SECTION FOUR: WRITINGPart 1. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using theword given. DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD GIVEN. You must use between three and five words,including the word given.