QUESTIONS 10 SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER FROM THE CHOICES GIVEN...

8-9-10. Choose three from seven answer choices to describe the Wood-fired Kiln:

A. It led to the mass production of pottery.

B. It was invented by the Chinese.

C. It originated in the Roman Empire.

D. It hardened the pottery.

E. It did not use coal.

F. It used tin oxide to finish the pottery.

G. It helped shape the pottery evenly.

IV. The reading passage below has eight paragraphs, A-H. Reading the passage and do the tasks

below. (15 points)

A.

The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to

manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly

remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the

height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built

sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many

parts or the industrial world today.

B.

During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19

^th

and 20

^th

centuries, the

demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of

monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and

provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of

people. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion

of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% the world’s food. Nearly one

fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling

water.

C.

Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population still

suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the

United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion

people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate

sanitation services. Preventable water - related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children

every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these

problems.

D.

The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health. Tens of

millions of people have been forced to more from their homes - often with little warning or

compensation - to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20% of all freshwater fish

species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the

free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality

and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than

they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over

shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even

international tensions.

E.

At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is

beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and

environmental needs as top priority - ensuring ‘some for all,’ instead of ‘more for some’. Some

water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than

building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first resort. This

shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted, and it comes with strong opposition from

some established water organizations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address

successfully the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate

water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.

F.

Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted.

As a result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures has diminished over the past two

decades. Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to

soon in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes

has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.

G.

What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: People have figured out how to use

water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout

the first three-quarters of the 20

^th

century, the quantity of freshwater consumed pen person

doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population

quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased,

thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965,

for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce $1 million of

commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation)

- almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA water withdrawals have fallen by more

than 20% from their peak in 1980.

H.

On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built,

particularly in developing countries where not been met. But such projects must be built to higher

specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past.

And even in regions where projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with

fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.

For questions 1-7, choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-H from the list of headings below

Write the correct number, i-ix.

List of headings

i.

Scientists’ call for a revision of policy

ii.

An explanation for reduced water use

iii.

How a global challenge was met

iv.

Irrigation systems fall into disuse

v.

Environmental effects

vi.

The financial cost of recent technological improvements

vii.

The relevance to health

viii.

Addressing the concern over increasing populations

ix.

A surprising downward trend in demand for water

x.

The need to raise standards

xi.

A description of ancient water supplies

Example: Paragraph A: xi