QUESTIONS 9-10. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW. WRITE NO MORE THAN TWO WOR...

20. By 1820, there were over sixty steamboats on the Mississippi river, _______ were quite luxurious. A. which many B. many of them C. many of which D. many that Session 2. In each line of the following passage, there is an error. Write down the line number, the corresponding error, and correct it. There is an example at line 11. Line number Mistake Correction

11 modest modesty

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Clothing is a distinctly human artifact. Even more than an use of tools, it distinguishes humans from other creatures on this planet. While there are other creatures who use implements in a greater or lesser degree, clothing is unique to humanity. Clothing is also uniquely human in what it serves more than one function. The basis purpose of clothing was originally utilitarian. By putting on an artificial skin, humans were unable to move into regions where they otherwise would have been unable to cope with the climate. An extreme example of this use of clothing can see among the Eskimos, and other people who live with extreme cold. However, clothing was not yet used for protection from the elements, but has also been a mean of displaying one's status and sense of style for as long as humans have had civilisation. Thus clothing also developed in countries which there is no real practical need for it, except from the other, very human function of preserving the

modest

of the wearer. Session 3. Complete the following passage by supplying the correct form of the word to the right of each line. FOOD PRODUCTION In the not-too-distant past farm animals were able to live (1)_____________ lives NATURE in what we would now term 'free-range' conditions. Such farming methods, however, were not able to supply the rapidly growing (2) ______________ of the world and the POPULATE increasing demands on food (3)______________. CONSUME In order to cope with those ever-increasing demands, factory farming methods were introduced along with the (4)______________ of genetically engineered DEVELOP (5)______________ hormones, which together resulted in a massive increase in food GROW (6)______________. PRODUCE However, these developments in the use of factory farming and drug (7)________ TREAT have led to a widespread feeling that animals are being caused a lot of distress and that the quality of the food (8)______________ suffers as a consequence. Certainly, many IT people (9)______________ with the idea of keeping animals in one building for their AGREE entire existence and argue that more emphasis should be given to (10)_______________ ALTERNATE farming methods. PART III. READING Session 1. Read the passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the questions that follows. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and providesupport to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.