CÂU 18. SHE ENJOYS HER WORK ………..A

35 : A brief outlined of the course and bibliography were handed out to the students at the first meetingA. dispensed B. dispered C. distributed D. contributedRead the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicatethe correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 45.Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducingthe effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorbthe Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice ofmaintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperaturedeep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammalsallow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as highas 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then coolsdown during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn,as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first fewhours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does notbegin until well into the day.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a pointthat would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its bodyweight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish thiswater loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camelshave been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on theother hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach isnot sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from waterintoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do nothave to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, itis a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.