34. The word “accident” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________.
A. chance B. mishap C. misfortune D. disaster
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.
Oxford University scientists have launched an attempt to bring the Northern White Rhinoceros
back from beyond the “point of no return” using IVF (In Vitro Fertilization). The team believes a
pioneering treatment can prompt a revival of the persecuted species, despite the death last year of the
last known male and the fact that the two remaining females, Najin and Fatu, cannot have calves.
One of two subspecies of White Rhinoceros, the Northern Rhinoceros once ranged over tracts of
Uganda, Sudan, Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, the value
of its horns saw it poached from a population of approximately 500 to 15 in the 1970s and 1980s. A
small recovery – numbers reached 32 – from the early 1990s was then reversed from 2003 when illegal
hunting intensified again.
The Oxford researchers believe that it will be possible to remove ovarian tissue from the animals
and stimulate it to produce eggs, which would then be fertilised from sperm preserved from male
Northern White Rhinoceros. The embryos would then be implanted into a surrogate mother of a similar
species, probably a Southern White Rhinoceros. The technique has been used successfully in mice for
nearly two decades; it has also been accomplished for some species of dog, horse and cat. However, it
has never been attempted before on a rhinoceros, meaning the Oxford team plan to perfect it first by
conducting a series of trials on ovarian tissue taken from a Southern White Rhinoceros.
In principal, the benefit of removing ovarian tissue for use in the lab is that it can go on
producing eggs. Other researchers are exploring the possibility of using the remaining Northern White
Rhinoceros sperm to cross–breed with Southern White Rhinoceros; however Dr. Williams believes the
focus should be on preserving the identity of the northern species. “This will be a huge buffer against
disease and ill health in the long–term, and give the new herds better genetic ability to adapt to changing
environments in the future.”
Najin was born in captivity in 1989 and Fatu in 2000. They both belong to the Cvur Kralove Zoo
in the Czech Republic, which shipped them to the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya in 2009 amid tight
security. In place of their horns, keepers have fitted radio transmitters to allow close monitoring of their
whereabouts in the large paddock areas. The team has enough funding for three years’ research, donated
from Fondation Hoffman, however Oxford University has launched a public appeal to raise the money
to secure the project long term.
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