SUSAN WILL GRADUATE IN JUNE, ________ SHE SUBMITS HER DISSERTATION...

10. Susan will graduate in June, ________ she submits her dissertation on time.A. unless B. provided C. otherwise D. supposingPart 2. Supply the correct form of the word provided in each blank.Many (1. RESEARCH) ________ believe that apes can communicate with human beings.Investigations made at several laboratories in the United States and elsewhere indicate thatchimpanzees and gorillas are capable of understanding language and line using (2. LANGUAGE)________ responses at the level of a four – year – old child. Washoe, an adult chimpanzee who wasraised as if she were a deaf child, can translate words she hears into American Sign Language. Loko,a 400-pound lowland gorilla, is claimed to have understood a poem (3. WRITE) ________ about her.Tests of Koko’s auditory comprehension show that she is able to make discriminations betweensuch words as “funny”, “money”, and “bunny”.The (4. SCIENCE) ________ at the forefront of this research admit that their work has beenseverely criticized. The skeptics in general claim that apes’ language (5. BEHAVE) ________ is merelyimitative. For this behavior to be called “language”, it must also be (6. COMMUNICATE) ________. Theproponents of ape language counter that those who deny the (7. VALID) ________ of this researchhave never worked with apes. They point out that new fields of investigation always create (8.CONTROVERSIAL) ________. They add that (9. HUMAN) ________ primates have not been taught tospeak, however, because the outer layer of their brain hemispheres is not (10. SUFFICIENT)________refined.Part 3. The passage below contains five mistakes. Write down the line numbers, the correspondingmistakes and correct them.It is a sad fact that adults laugh farly less than children, sometimes by as much as a couple ofhundred times a day. Just take a look at people's faces on the way to work or in the office: you'll belucky to see a smile, let alone hear a laugh. This is a shame - especially in view of the fact thatscientists have proved that laughing is good at you. "When you laugh" says psychologist DavidCohen, "it produces the feel-good hormones, endorphin. It counters the effects of stress andenhances the immune system." They are many reasons why we might laugh less in adult life: perhaps we are too work-obsessed, or too embarrassed to let our emotions shown. Some psychologists simply believe thatchildren have more native responses and like adults we naturally grow out of spontaneousreactions. Luckily, however, it is possible to relearn the art of laughter. SECTION D. READINGPart 1. Read the following passage and choose the correct answer by writing the corresponding letterA, B, C or D on your answer sheet.The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how thebody takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began inthe nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized forthe first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and thatdifferent foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era,research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance andcould only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might becalled "the vitamin period." Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromeswere described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health,it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been noprevious effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medicalschools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional conceptsinto the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamindeficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denialof the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitaminsthat went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960's, vitamin therapybegan to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools alsobecame less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found theirvitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samplesof vitamins and literature praising the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-relatedconditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As isknown in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of under nutrition that lead to chronichealth problems. (Source: TOEFL READING collection 2, 1995)