WHY ARE ACTIVE HACKERS PROBABLY CONSIDERED MORE DANGEROUS THAN PASSIVE ONES

Câu 35 (VD):

Why are active hackers probably considered more dangerous than passive ones?

A.

active hackers are more skilled.

B.

passive hackers have more intense

personalities.

C.

active hackers do damage.

D.

passive hackers are caught more easily.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.

It is estimated that by 2050 more than two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities, up

from about 54 percent today. While the many benefits of organized and efficient cities are well

understood, we need to recognize that this rapid, often unplanned urbanization brings risks of

profound social instability, risks to critical infrastructure, potential water crises and the potential

for devastating spread of disease. These risks can only be further exacerbated as this

unprecedented transition from rural to urban areas continues.

How effectively these risks can be

addressed

will increasingly be determined by how well

cities are governed. The increased concentration of people, physical assets, infrastructure and

economic activities mean that the risks materializing at the city level will have far greater

potential to disrupt society than ever before.

Urbanization is by no means bad by itself. It brings important benefits for economic, cultural

and societal development. Well managed cities are both efficient and effective, enabling

economies of scale and network effects while reducing the impact on the climate of

transportation. As such, an urban model can make economic activity more environmentally-

friendly. Further, the proximity and diversity of people can

spark

innovation and create

employment as exchanging ideas breeds new ideas.

But these utopian concepts are threatened by some of the factors driving rapid urbanization.

For example, one of the main factors is rural-urban migration, driven by the prospect of greater

employment opportunities and the hope of a better life in cities. But rapidly increasing

population density can create severe problems, especially if planning efforts are not sufficient to

cope with the influx of new inhabitants. The result may, in extreme cases, be widespread

poverty. Estimates suggest that 40% of the world's urban expansion is taking place in slums,

exacerbating socio-economic disparities and creating unsanitary conditions

that

facilitate the

spread of disease.

The Global Risks 2015 Report looks at four areas that face particularly daunting challenges in

the face of rapid and unplanned urbanization: infrastructure, health, climate change, and social

instability. In each of these areas we find new risks that can best be managed or, in some cases,

transferred through the mechanism of insurance.