1. The craft of perfumery has an ancient and global heritage. The art flourished in Ancient Rome, where the
emperors were said to bathe in scent. After the fall of Rome, much of the knowledge was lost, but survived
in Islamic civilizations in the Middle Ages. Arab and Persian pharmacists developed essential oils from the
aromatic plants of the Indian peninsula. They developed the processes of distillation and suspension in
alcohol, which allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than in the ancient process, by which
flower petals were soaked in warm oil. This knowledge was carried back to European monasteries during the
Crusades.
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