46. A. whose B. as C. with D. that
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self sufficient group that is
homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed
rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, and interpersonal
relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There
is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to
perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are
handmade, and a subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures,
as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the
United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-America is the Amish, a
German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the
industrial age. In Amish areas, horse-drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and
the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut,
"humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk
cultures, and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry
outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism
for maintaining order.
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic
and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division of labor
exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions, of control
such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a
money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly
different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many
developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the
popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more
prestige to the owner.
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