A ISN'T IT B ARE YOU C DON'T YOU D AREN'T YOU KEY POINTS 1 IN FORM...

Question

15) A isn't it B are you C don't you D aren't you Key points 1 In formal speech and writing it is possible to use inversion after negative adverbs. The adverb has to be at the beginning of the sentence or clause. 2 Intonation carries important meaning in question tags. Rising tags are questions, falling tags are checking information. (question) (checking) As and since have the meaning of because and can begin a sentence. As/since it was late, we decided to go home. In formal, written language we can use for to mean because, but it cannot begin a sentence. Peter has given up sailing, for he doesn't have the time. • Because of, on account of, due to and owing to We can use all these words in place of because of. Everyone was depressed on account of/due to/owing to the bad weather. Note this difference: Sue's success was due to her hard work. (noun + be + due to) Sue succeeded owing to her hard work. (verb + owing to) Text organizers Grammar 13 and the first part of this unit cover linking words that join clauses within a sentence. There are also linking words that join ideas across sentences and paragraphs. These are sometimes called 'text organizers' because they make clear the organization of what we say or write. They are more common in writing or formal speech. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have a comma afterwards, but can come after a comma in the middle of a sentence. • Sequencing We often number or order the points we are making. First (of all) ..., Secondly ..., Next..., Then ..., Finally/lastly/last of all ... In narrative, the sequence of events can be introduced by: First..., Then ..., After that..., Finally/in the end ... • Adding We can introduce additional points. Furthermore ..., Moreover ..., In addition to ..., As well as this ..., Besides this ... • Giving opinions We can introduce personal opinions. Personally ..., In my own opinion/view ... • Giving examples We can introduce examples. For example ..., For instance ... We can also use such as to give an example, but it is not used at the beginning of a sentence. G R A M M A R 3 2 L I N K I N G W O R D S 2 • Showing a result Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to show a result. Formal ways include: Consequently ..., As a result..., Thus ... • Making a contrast Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to make a contrast. Formal ways include: On the other hand ..., However ..., Nevertheless ..., In contrast..., In comparison ... • Summarizing We can summarize all the points we have made. In conclusion ..., To sum up ... Underline the most suitable w o r d or phrase in each sentence. a) Many people feel nervous about flying, and worry about the possibility of an accident. Furthermore/However, according to statistics, flying is actually safer than walking down the street. b) Our local supermarket no longer opens every day, as/on account of very few people live in our village. c) There are a number of objections to the planned motorway. As well as this/First of all, the new road will destroy valuable farming land. In contrast/In addition to this, it will bring thousands of vehicles and tourists. As a result/For example, our peaceful way of life will be destroyed forever. d) We conducted a survey of accommodation in the town, and came up with some interesting results. The hotels we saw were rather expensive, and consequently/moreover the actual facilities on offer were not always impressive. Besides this/In contrast, there were many guest houses, offering just bed and breakfast, which were not only good value but also had much better rooms than the hotels did. Finally/Personally, I would recommend The Oaks, a particularly impressive guest house in Long Harbour Road. e) Owing to/Since the increased demand for parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park. Consequently/Nevertheless the exit road on the west side of the car park will be closed from Monday to allow building work to begin. 2 Put one suitable w o r d in each space. a) In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your help. b) it's too late to finish the work today, we'll come back tomorrow. c) The flight was delayed a result of the high winds. d) This radio is expensive, but the other hand it has very good reception. e) First all, I would like to welcome you to our annual dinner. f) John is a hard worker. As as this, he is completely reliable. g) Science has not entirely changed the way we think instance, we still speak of the 'sunrise' although we know it is the Earth that is moving. h) Although this building project seems attractive, in my it would be a mistake to spend so much money on it.